Their features and benefits make them ideal for the many liquid-transfer points in the soft drink production chain.
Although per-capita consumption of carbonated soft drinks in the U.S. has been on a steady decline since peaking in the 1990s, the average American still consumes more than 41 gallons of the fizzy drinks annually— the equivalent of 437 12-ounce servings, or 1.2 cans a day. To address this decline, major soft drink conglomerates have been expanding their product portfolios to include beverages such as juice drinks and, to a greater extent, energy drinks that have become popular with millennials.
The result is that billions of gallons of soft drinks are produced and consumed annually. It also means that soft drink producers must employ the best systems and technologies in order to meet production quotas that can be strained if the manufacturing process experiences any inefficiencies or breakdowns.
Image 1. Specific AODD pumps can offer a number of operational benefits that make them better-suited for soft-drink production than centrifugal pumps, including sealless design, dryrun capability, shear sensitivity and higher energy efficiency. (Images courtesy of PSG)
Air-operated double-diaphragm (AODD) pumps can help streamline the soft drink manufacturing process by optimizing liquid-transfer operations at several critical points along the production and supply chain.
The Challenge
The U.S. landscape is dotted with soft drink production facilities, known as canning and bottling plants, that use ingredients such as high fructose corn syrup, various concentrates, flavorings and phosphoric acid (which adds acidity to the final beverage) to create products that are ready for consumption.
In many instances, the large multinational corporations that dominate the global soft drink market contract with bottling companies to produce their beverages in accordance with their highly guarded, tried-and-true formulas. Mom and pop operations also produce, for example, small-batch root beers and ginger ales on a much smaller scale, but these operations still require canning and bottling companies.
Image 2. From the time raw materials—including concentrates, corn syrup, flavorings, phosphoric acid and more—arrive at the soft drink manufacturing and bottling plant to the point where finished products are put in bottles and cans, a large number of liquid-transfer operations must be completed successfully.
All of these soft drink production operations require the manufacturing process to not deviate from strict protocols—or the finished product will not live up to a company’s long-established standards for look, mouth feel and—most important—taste.
Achieving the desired end product requires carbonated soft drinks to be manufactured using a strict regimen:
- Common tap water is treated at the production facility to remove any impurities that may affect the drink’s taste or color. The water’s alkalinity level also is adjusted to meet a regulated pH level.
- The treated water is sterilized to destroy any bacteria or organic compounds. A small amount of chlorine is used to complete the sterilization process.
- After the sterilized water “rests”
- in a storage tank for a few hours, it passes through an activated-carbon filter for dechlorination. From there, the completely sterilized water is transferred to a dosing station.
- Arriving at the facility in drums and totes, the pre-mixed concentrate that gives a soft drink its color, flavor and sugar content is pumped into the dosing station, where it combines with the water. The amounts of concentrate used at this stage are usually determined by weight, not volume, so the batch tank is placed on a load cell or scale, and the pump turns off when a pre-programmed weight is pumped into the tank.
- This concentrate/water mixture moves to the batch tank where it is blended to form the soft drink’s base. It is then flash pasteurized—a process that uses ultraviolet radiation to quickly heat and cool the mixture to remove impurities.
- At a precise temperature, the mixture is passed through a carbonator that adds carbonation to the product at predetermined levels according to the beverage’s recipe. Generally, juice drinks require far less carbonation than traditional soft drinks or carbonated energy drinks.
- The finished carbonated product is transferred to filling lines, where it is injected into bottles and cans of at high flow rates. When filled, the containers are sealed with pressure-resistant closures like aluminum caps or twist-off plastic tops.
- The cans and bottles (which must be labeled) are packed into cartons or trays before being placed on larger pallets for shipment to distributors.
Transfer pumps are required at several junctures along the production and supply chain. For many years, centrifugal-style pumps were the main choice for soft drink bottlers and canners. The lower purchase price of centrifugal pumps, compared with the cost of positive-displacement (PD) pump technologies, was the key determinant in their selection.
While centrifugal pumps may have a lower upfront cost than PD pumps, they feature some operational inefficiencies that usually lead to higher ancillary costs during the pump’s life. Centrifugal pumps are not self-priming, which hampers their efficiency at startup. They can encounter operating issues when pumping at higher flow rates, especially when handling higher-viscosity liquids like corn syrup. They also are unable to deadhead, which can lead to pump damage in a dry-run condition.
Centrifugal pumps also have mechanical seals, which can lead to costly leaks, and their mechanical seals generally cost more to repair than some other pump technologies. Seal damage and breakage can be caused by the heat generated during dry-run operation. Double mechanical seals are required for tacky or sticky concentrates, which increases costs and operational complexity, and requires a water flush for cleaning. Centrifugal pumps are also powered by electrical motors that must be kept dry during operation, which can be problematic when the product pumped is a liquid.
The Solution
Considering some of the potential shortcomings of centrifugal pump operation, AODD pumps may be a better choice for the numerous liquid-handling links in the carbonated soft drink production chain. Some AODD pumps have been engineered to meet the highest standards for operation in the manufacture of carbonated soft drinks.
For example, one company’s AODD pumps possess the ability to safely and efficiently pump a wide range of viscosities and shear-sensitive products, and they work well with corn syrups, phosphoric acids, concentrates and flavorings that play a major role in soft drink production. The wetted-path material is 316L stainless steel with interior-polish levels that range from 0.8 to 1.3 micrometers (μm) (31.5 to 51.2 microinches [μin]) for ease of cleaning.
Some of these are the only pumps in the industry to have earned certification by 3A Sanitary Standards Inc.—which is dedicated to advancing hygienic equipment design for the food, beverage and pharmaceutical industries—for both clean-in-place (CIP) and clean-out-of-place (COP) sanitizing operations. The free-draining flow path, wash-friendly clamp bands and CIP capability simplify cleaning and have enabled these models of AODD pumps to earn certifications from a number of regulatory agencies in the hygienic industry, including 3A, European Hygienic Engineering & Design Group (EHEDG), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) CFR 21.177, U.S. Pharmacopoeial Convention (USP) Class VI and European Commission (EC) regulation 1935/2004.
Other features and benefits of these specific AODD pumps, which are available in sizes from 1/2 to 3 inches (13 millimeters [mm] to 76 mm), include:
- availability of multiple sanitary elastomers
- sealless design for superior product containment
- delicate, shear-sensitive operation
- self-priming or dry-priming operation capabilities
- damage-free dry-run capability
- flow rates from 15 to 245 gallons per minute (gpm) (57 to 927 liters per minute)
- solids passage up to 3 inches (76 mm)
- high energy efficiency
Additional features include next-generation diaphragm and air distribution system (ADS) technology that can further optimize the operation and reliability of pump models.
The design of the diaphragm combines food-grade plastics and elastomers with a stainless-steel core in a patented configuration that uses no adhesives or nylon fabric, which can contaminate process fluids in the event of a breech.
The diaphragm features an unbroken fluid-contact surface with no product-trap areas. As a result, the diaphragm has exceptional CIP capability and greatly reduces contamination risks.
The elimination of the outer piston reduces a common abrasion point, which results in longer diaphragm life. Its large internal piston and full-stroke shaft provide greater fluid-transfer displacement while simultaneously allowing the pump to achieve twice the dry vacuum when compared with short-stroke CIP-capable diaphragms.
The availability of a stainless-steel ADS allows certain pumps to be used in a wider range of hygienic or sanitary liquid-handling operation in food-and-beverage manufacture.
This technology achieves up to a 60 percent savings in air consumption over competitive AODD pumps, while providing higher flow rates per standard cubic feet per minute (SCFM). It also costs 50 percent less to operate than electronically actuated ADS units, is submersible and features plug-and-play operation. It has fewer operating parts, which equates to less downtime for repair or simple maintenance.
Image 4. One type of diaphragm has been designed with an integrated stainless-steel core that uses no adhesives or nylon fabric, which eliminates product-entrapment areas and greatly reduces contamination risks.
Market demands place tremendous pressure on soft drink manufacturers to ensure no deviation occurs in the production process that may alter the formulas beloved by consumers. That is why AODD pump technology is a wise choice for the many liquid-transfer points in soft drink production and packaging. AODD pumps can help guarantee that product quality is preserved, while also adding the benefit of lower operating and maintenance costs to the producer’s bottom line.
Tom Zuckett is a regional manager for Wilden Pump & Engineering Co. LLC and PSG. He may be reached at 330-923-2848 or tom.zuckett@psgdover.com.
Grant Gramlich is the Americas–market manager hygienic for PSG. He may be reached at 714-478-5893 or grant.gramlich@psgdover.com.